linux系统创建主分区、逻辑分区 、设置ext系列分区的参数以及检测分区的方法

linux对不同的磁盘设备的设备文件命名如下：

IDE： /dev/hd[a-z] 对IDE分区的命名为/dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 ….. SCSI, SATA, SAS, USB： /dev/sd[a-z] 对分区的命令为/dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 ……. 主分区最多可有4个。若分区大于4个，可使用3个主分区加一个扩展分区的方式，再通过在扩展分区上划分多个逻辑分区。 常见的文件格式有ext2、ext3、ext4、vfat(兼容windows的fat32)、xfs、btrfs、jfs等。

查看linux的磁盘分区可使用fdis（分区管理命令）

fdisk /dev/sda (非IDE硬盘) m：获取帮助 p：显示分区信息 q：不保存退出 n：新建分区 d：删除分区 q：保存退出 l：显示分区类型的ID t：改变分区类型的ID

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.Be careful before using the write command.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectorsUnits = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk label type: dosDisk identifier: 0x000a72d4 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux/dev/sda2 1026048 20971519 9972736 8e Linux LVM

说明：

1、Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB 硬盘的大小是16GB，16106127360 个字节，31457280个扇区。 2、下半部信息说明 Device 是分区名称 Boot 是否是启动分区 Start 起始的扇区 End 结束的扇区 \\\\ /dev/sda2结束的扇区是20971519，而硬盘总共有31457280，说明还有硬盘空间没有被用于创建分区。 Blocks以1KB为单位，显示分区的空间； ld 为分区类型的ID号 System 为分区类型

创建分区：（下图中指定起始扇区与/dev/sda2的结束扇区能对接上）

创建逻辑分区

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)

e extended

Select (default e): e \\\\指定新建扩展分区

Selected partition 4

First sector (23068672-31457279, default 23068672):

Using default value 23068672

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (23068672-31457279, default 31457279): +1G \\\\指定扩展分区的大小

Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 1 GiB is set

Command (m for help): n

All primary partitions are in use

Adding logical partition 5 \\\\ ID号1-4已经用完，系统直接使用逻辑分区ID的范围5-15

First sector (23070720-25165823, default 23070720):

Using default value 23070720

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (23070720-25165823, default 25165823): 24000000\\\\这里的结束扇区25165823-23070720=2095103*512/1024/1024=1022.99MB，即1GB，与指定的扩展分区大小相同

Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 453.8 MiB is set\\\\新建逻辑分区的大小是453.8MB

Command (m for help): n

All primary partitions are in use

Adding logical partition 6

First sector (24002049-25165823, default 24002560):

Using default value 24002560

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (24002560-25165823, default 25165823): \\\\这里的结束扇区ID与上述的相同

Using default value 25165823

Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 568 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000a72d4

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 1026048 20971519 9972736 8e Linux LVM

/dev/sda3 20971520 23068671 1048576 83 Linux

/dev/sda4 23068672 25165823 1048576 5 Extended

/dev/sda5 23070720 24000000 464640+ 83 Linux

/dev/sda6 24002560 25165823 581632 83 Linux \\\\新建的逻辑分区

Command (m for help): w\\\\保存退出

检查linux是否已经识别出新的分区查看/rroc/paritions文件

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions

major minor #blocks name

8 0 15728640 sda

8 1 512000 sda1

8 2 9972736 sda2 \\\\新创建的/dev/sda3-6没有还没有识别出来

11 0 4228096 sr0

253 0 8880128 dm-0

253 1 1048576 dm-1

强制让内核更新分区

[root@localhost ~]# partx -u /dev/sda

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions

major minor #blocks name

8 0 15728640 sda

8 1 512000 sda1

8 2 9972736 sda2

8 3 1048576 sda3

8 4 1 sda4

8 5 464640 sda5

8 6 581632 sda6\\\\已识别出新分区

11 0 4228096 sr0

253 0 8880128 dm-0

253 1 1048576 dm-1

[root@localhost ~]#

格式化新建的分区mkfs命令

把sda6、sda5格式为ext4

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 -L test /dev/sda6

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=test

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

36400 inodes, 145408 blocks

7270 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=148897792

5 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

7280 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

也可用 ext系列专用的格式化工具mke2fs

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext3 -m 5 -L TEST_sda5 -b 4096 /dev/sda5

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=TEST_sda5\\\\标识符为TEST_sda5

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)\\\\block为4096

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

116224 inodes, 116160 blocks

5808 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user\\\\为管理员预留5%的空间

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=121634816

4 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

29056 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

查看所有分区的属性使用blkid

[root@localhost ~]# blkid

/dev/sda1: UUID="050a347a-4a99-4e80-a6b4-a4ed0a47eaa1" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda2: UUID="dv2Krn-BlSL-4NBt-yduR-BXax-tChJ-V2YpbM" TYPE="LVM2_member"

/dev/sda5: LABEL="TEST_sda5" UUID="b5b2b12b-236d-4578-845b-a5632ca5eafa" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3"

/dev/sda6: LABEL="test" UUID="a0a549a2-0aec-4ff6-bce8-f2dfdfa1539e" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sr0: UUID="2015-12-09-23-14-10-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos"

/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="0adba78a-e1e3-4900-87c2-069105c6a1fc" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/mapper/centos-swap: UUID="2228d7dd-b7ed-44fb-9f68-668fc942a542" TYPE="swap"

使用fsck命令检测分区

[root@localhost ~]# fsck.ext3 -frc /dev/sda5 \\\\ f是强制检测 c是提示测试进度 r进行交互式检测

e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done

TEST_sda5: Updating bad block inode.

Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

Pass 2: Checking directory structure

Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity

Pass 4: Checking reference counts

Pass 5: Checking group summary information

TEST_sda5: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****

TEST_sda5: 11/116224 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 7837/116160 blocks

[root@localhost ~]#